Course Information

Course

Subject:	Geography
Topic:	3. Oceanography
Views:	116,603

Educator

Name:	University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
Type:	University

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Instructor

Name

Edwin Schauble

Blue Planet: Introduction to Oceanography

Video Lectures

Displaying all 27 video lectures.

Lecture 1 Play Video	Lecture 1: Introduction to Ocean Interactions September 25, 2009 Lecture 1: Prof Edwin Schauble gives an introduction to ocean interactions, course description, prerequisites, units of measure Lecture Notes: Lecture 1: Introduction, SI units
Lecture 2 Play Video	Lecture 2: Earth and the origins of our oceans September 28, 2009 Professor Edwin Schauble presents units and conversion operations, scientific notation, planetary bodies and its oceans, origins of Earth's water, structure of Earth and mechanical layers of Earth Lecture Notes: Lecture 2: Scientific notation, origin of the ocean
Lecture 3 Play Video	Lecture 3: The shape of the ocean floor September 30, 2009 Professor Edwin Schauble discusses the mechanical layers of Earth, the mantle, Earth's elevations and Ocean Basins, continental crust, Buoyancy, isostatic balance, elevation vs. oceans, abyssal hills and seamounts, continental margins, continental shelf, continental rise, submarine canyons, the unconfined tank Lecture Notes: Lecture 3: Structure of the Earth, shape of the oceans
Lecture 4 Play Video	Lecture 4: Shape of the ocean October 2, 2009 Edwin Schauble presents the big picture of the bimodal distribution, isostatic balance, morphology of the ocean, satellite radar mapping (gravity), active margins, deep-sea trenches, Southern California margin, Southern California borderian, deep ocean basins, mid-ocean ridge and isostasy system, scientific method, Wegener's continental jigsaw puzzle, continental drift Lecture Notes: Lecture 4: More shape of the oceans
Lecture 5 Play Video	Lecture 5: Earth's morphology, magnetism and dating October 5, 2009 Edwin Schauble talks about isostatic balance, morphology of oceans, scientific method, seismology, earthquakes and trenches, Earth's magnetic field, dating rocks with magnetism, the oceanic "tape recorder", age of the Ocean Floor, certainty and scientific method Lecture Notes: Lecture 5: Plate tectonics 1
Lecture 6 Play Video	Lecture 6: Plate Tectonics October 7, 2009 Edwin Schauble explains earthquakes regions and deep-ocean trenchs, seafloor spreading, magnetic reversal stripes, age of earth, plate tectonics, largest plates, lithospheric recycling, convection, plate boundaries, divergent boundaries, age of the ocean floor, convergent boundaries, Ocean-Ocean Convergence Island Arcs, Ocean-Continent Convergence, Continent -Continent Convergence
Lecture 7 Play Video	Lecture 7: Plate Tectonics 4 October 12, 2009 Continent-Continent Convergence • India-Asia collision • Himalayas • Continental crust is too buoyant to subduct, crumples and thickens at the surface. • Extra-thick continental crust ---> BIG mountains. Transform Boundaries Transforms and seismicity Hotspots & Mantle Plumes • Stationary volcanic sources in mantle • Ocean Crust ~ 10% generated at hotspots • Heat transfer: ~10-30% of mantle heat flux • Hotspot Island Chains Hawaii-Emperor Seamount Chain Traces Past Plate Motion Tectonic Evolution of Ocean Basins Oceanic life cycles (Wilson Cycle): ~200-500 million years to open and close Paleogeographic reconstruction Regional & Local Tectonics of California Pacific Plate Evolution Easternmost Pacific Plate Evolution Southern CA Evolution Coast Ranges & Central Valley The Sierra Nevada The San Andreas isn’t the only fault in Southern California Lecture Notes: Lecture 7: Plate tectonics 4
Lecture 8 Play Video	Lecture 8: California tectonics, marine sediments October 12, 2009 Paleogeographic reconstruction Regional & Local Tectonics of California Pacific Plate Evolution Easternmost Pacific Plate Evolution Southern CA Evolution Coast Ranges & Central Valley The Sierra Nevada Coast Ranges (scraped off the Farallon Plate) San Andreas and other Faults MARINE SEDIMENTS Sedimentation: Big Picture Global Distribution & Thickness of Marine Sedimentary Layers Grain Size Sediment Classification Grain Size Dependent Transport Genetic Classification of Sediments • Terrigenous: from continents • Biogenous: from biological sources • Hydrogenous: seawater precipitates • Sometimes referred to as “authigenic” -- means formed in place • Cosmogenous: extraterrestrial sources Terrigenous Sediment Sources Lecture Notes: Lecture 8: California tectonics, marine sediment
Lecture 9 Play Video	Lecture 9: Marine sediments October 14, 2009 Global Distribution & Thickness of Marine Sedimentary Layers Grain Size Sediment Classification Grain Size Dependent Transport Genetic Classification of Sediments • Terrigenous: from continents • Biogenous: from biological sources • Hydrogenous: seawater precipitates • Sometimes referred to as “authigenic” -- means formed in place • Cosmogenous: extraterrestrial sources Terrigenous Sediment Sources Fluvial Terrigenous Sediments Bengal Fan – World’s largest pile of mud? Biogenous Sediments Calcareous (CaCO3) Plankton: Foraminifera and Coccolithophores Siliceous (SiO2) Plankton: Diatoms and Radiolaria Coccolith (phytoplankton) Biogenic Oozes Carbonate Compensation Depth, CCD Calcite Compensation Depth, CCD Siliceous Oozes Abyssal Clays Hydrogenous Sedimentary Deposits Cosmogenic Sediments K-T boundary in sediment Lecture Notes: Lecture 9: Marine sediments
Lecture 10 Play Video	Lecture 10: Sediments and Seawater October 16, 2009 Cosmogenic Sediments K-T boundary in sediment Rate of sediment addition Sediment, biology and seafloor age Global Distribution of Sediments Atoms, Ions and What kind of ions will an element form Chemical Bonds Hydrogen bonding Heat Capacity Physical States of Matter Relationship between Heat and Temperature for H2O Lecture Notes: Lecture 11: Sediments, seawater
Lecture 11 Play Video	Lecture 11: Sediments and Seawater October 19, 2009 Chemical Bonds Hydrogen bonding Heat Capacity Physical States of Matter Relationship between Heat and Temperature for H2O Density of Pure Water Density & Structure of Ice Thermal Convection in Water Chemical Properties of Seawater Water: Universal solvent (almost) Water: great at dissolving stuff Salinity Sources of Dissolved Salts Major Constituents: Most abundant dissolved elements & molecules Chemical Residence Times Steady-State Assumption Lecture Notes: Lecture 11: Sediments, seawater
Lecture 12 Play Video	Lecture 12: Seawater October 21, 2009 Major Constituents: Most abundant dissolved elements & molecules Chemical Residence Times Steady-State Assumption Trace Elements What controls the density of Seawater? Effects of Temperature & Salinity Physical Structure of the Oceans Ocean Water - Layered by density: The Mixed Layer, The Pycnocline and The Deep Layer Thermocline Halocline Pycnocline Dissolved Gases in the Ocean Oxygen (O2) Carbon Dioxide Lecture Notes: Lecture 12: Seawater 2 and Seawater 3.
Lecture 13 Play Video	Lecture 13: Seawater, pH and Wind October 26, 2009 Effects of Temperature & Salinity Physical Structure of the Oceans Ocean Water - Layered by density: The Mixed Layer, The Pycnocline and The Deep Layer Thermocline Halocline Pycnocline Dissolved Gases in the Ocean Oxygen (O2) Carbon Dioxide Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Respiration Biological Nutrients O2 and CO2 vs. Depth Acid-Base Balance pH Scale The Carbonate Buffer System The CO2 system and carbonate Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling Composition of the Atmosphere Density of AirL Lecture Notes: Lecture 13: Seawater and pH and wind.
Lecture 14 Play Video	Lecture 14: Seawater, pH and Wind October 28, 2009 Composition of the Atmosphere Density of Air Density & temperature of Air Expanding Air Cools and Condenses Solar Heating of the Earth Solar Heating & the Seasons Redistribution of Solar Heat Energy Atmospheric Circulation Without Rotation Actual Atmospheric Circulation Lab Coriolis Movies Coriolis Effect Movies The Coriolis Effect on Earth The Coriolis Effect Why do storms (including hurricanes and cyclones) go backwards? Lecture Notes: Lecture 14: pH and wind and Wind 2
Lecture 15 Play Video	Lecture 15: Wind, Currents October 30, 2009 Atmospheric Circulation Without Rotation Actual Atmospheric Circulation Lab Coriolis Movies Coriolis Effect Movies The Coriolis Effect on Earth The Coriolis Effect Why do storms (including hurricanes and cyclones) go backwards? Atmospheric Circulation including Coriolis Actual forecast of surface winds Atmospheric Circulation including Coriolis Local Meteorology of Southern California Mediterranean Climate Sea Breeze Land Breeze Marine Layer Santa Ana Winds Lecture Notes: Lecture 15: Wind 2 and Wind 3, Current
Lecture 16 Play Video	Lecture 16: Currents and Winds November 2, 2009 Currents in the Ocean Surface Currents Wind-Driven Currents Pressure-Driven Currents North Atlantic Surface Currents Coriolis & currents Ekman Spiral Winds Drag from the wind on surface water Wind-dragged & Basin-Edge Currents Final result: a loop of current, a Gyre Coriolis “Geostrophic” Response Ocean Basin Circulation Major Current Systems 1. North Atlantic gyre 2. South Atlantic gyre 3. North Pacific gyre 4. South Pacific gyre 5. Indian Ocean gyre 6. Antarctic Circumpolar Current Currents on each edge of a Gyre have names. Transverse Currents Antarctic Circumpolar Current Current flow rate in the Gulf Stream Lecture Notes: Wind 3, Current. and Current.
Lecture 17 Play Video	Lecture 17: Currents November 4, 2009 Major Current Systems 1. North Atlantic gyre 2. South Atlantic gyre 3. North Pacific gyre 4. South Pacific gyre 5. Indian Ocean gyre 6. Antarctic Circumpolar Current Currents on each edge of a Gyre have names. Transverse Currents Antarctic Circumpolar Current Western Boundary Currents Current flow rate in the Gulf Stream Gulf Stream time-lapse SST Eastern Boundary Currents North Atlantic Gyre Boundary Currents Coriolis “Geostrophic” Response Weird non-gyre currents: Equatorial Counter Currents Upwelling of Deep Water Importance of Upwelling Sites & Causes of Upwelling Equatorial Pacific Upwelling Coastal Upwelling Upwelling and Downwelling Flows Deep Currents in the Ocean Where does deep water come from? Deep Water Formation Water Mass Classifications Atlantic Deep Circulation Pacific Global deep water ‘conveyor’ Waves Lecture Notes: Lecture 17: Current ans Current2
Lecture 18 Play Video	Lecture 18: Currents and Waves November 6, 2009 Waves The Anatomy of a Wave The Dynamics of a Wave Oscillation Oscillation: Water depth matters Deep vs. Shallow Water Waves Ocean Waves Tsunami Ocean wave classification and “power” Wind-Driven Ocean Waves Wind-Seas and Swells Wind Sea: wind & storm create and grow new waves Swell: waves that have left their birthplace sorted by dispersion (longest move fastest) Breaking Waves Waves can’t transport energy as efficiently in shallow water Lecture Notes: Lecture 18: Current2 and Waves
Lecture 19 Play Video	Lecture 19: Breaking waves, tsunami & tides November 9, 2009 Waves can’t transport energy as efficiently in shallow water When Do Waves Break? Why Do Waves Break at the Shore? Tsunami Tsunami Locations Tsunami crossing the Bay of Bengal The Banda Aceh Tsunami Detecting tsunami in the open ocean TOPEX/Poseidon and Tsunami How does a tsunami cause harm? Tsunami waves come to shore Is California at Risk? Minimizing Tsunami Damage Preventing Tsunami Damage Tides Earth-Moon-Sun System Tides are caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun acting on Earth and its ocean. Phases of the Moon Lecture Notes: Lecture 19: Waves and Tides
Lecture 20 Play Video	Lecture 20: Tides, Marine Systems, Photosynthesis and Productivity November 16, 2009 Tides Earth-Moon-Sun System Tides are caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun acting on Earth and its ocean. Phases of the Moon The Big Picture 3: Bulges The Moon and Sun both influence tides Effect of Sun & Moon Together Why is the moon’s effect on the tide greater than the sun’s? Tidal Forces: Sun vs. Moon Equilibrium Theory of the Tides Tides in narrow, tapering bays Bay of Fundy tides CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES FOR MARINE ORGANISMS Genetic classification: Three Domains of Life Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota What does it eat? Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Reaction Respiration Lecture Notes: Lecture 20: Tides and Marine life
Lecture 21 Play Video	Lecture 21: Photosynthesis, Respiration, Productivity, Habitats & Plankton November 18, 2009 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Reaction Respiration Respiration Reaction PRIMARY PRODUCTION How can we measure productivity? Colorimetry compared with “weighing” Productivity from SeaWiFS Genetic classification: Three Domains of Life What does it eat? Ocean Habitats Habitat Light zones Photic Zone Plankton Majority of Plankton are Small Sampling Plankton Phytoplankton Diatoms Dinoflagellates Red Tides Lecture Notes: Lecture 21: Marine life and Light and plankton
Lecture 22 Play Video	Lecture 22: Phytoplankton, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Coccolithophores, Radiolaria & Ostracods November 20, 2009 Plankton Majority of Plankton are Small Sampling Plankton Phytoplankton Diatoms Dinoflagellates Red Tides Coccolithophores Zooplankton Foraminifera Radiolaria Radiolaria Sedimentary Fossils Ostracods Lecture Notes: Lecture 22: Light and plankton and Plankton 2
Lecture 23 Play Video	Lecture 23: Ostracods, Copepod, Picoplankton, Migrating Plankton, Multicellular life, Origin of Animals, Nekton November 23, 2009 Ostracods Copepod Copepod feeding motion Reconstructed feeding currents Picoplankton Diurnal Migrating Plankton Polar Seasonal Vertical Migration Planktonic Patchiness Multicellular life Origin of Animals What kinds of Animals exist? Nekton Cephalopods Fish Jawless Fish (Class Agnatha) Sharks and Rays Sand Tiger Shark Shark Attacks Bony Fish Fish Body Morphology Coloration Counter-Shading: a type of crypsis Benthos Habitats Nutrition Lecture Notes: Lecture 23: Plankton 2 and Nekton
Lecture 24 Play Video	Lecture 24: Nekton and Benthos November 25, 2009 Bony Fish Fish Body Morphology Coloration Counter-Shading: a type of crypsis BENTHOS Nutrition Kelp Forest Ecosystems Kelp Forest Ecosystem Dynamics Kelp (& coral reef) geography Coral Reef Communities Coral Polyps Anatomy of a coral polyp Coral Reefs: ZOOXANTHELLAE Geography of Coral Reefs Geological evolution of Coral Reefs Geology of Coral Reefs Coral Reefs in Global Decline Coral Reef Bleaching Lecture Notes: Nekton and Benthos
Lecture 25 Play Video	Lecture 25: Marine Resources November 30, 2009 Types of Marine Resources Sustainability of Marine Resources Oceanic Biological Resources Oceanic & Aquatic Biological Resources Global Commercial Harvest Why such large large Peruvian/Chilean Harvests? Fisheries Management Overexploitation & collapse of fisheries Mariculture Salmon Pacific Northwest Salmon Mariculture Lecture Notes: Lecture 26: Marine resources
Lecture 26 Play Video	Lecture 26: Climate Change December 2, 2009 Definition of “Climate” Regional and Global Climates are changing Why is the climate changing?" Understanding Past Climates" Paleo-climate Evidence Paleoclimate: Oceanic Proxies Paleoclimate Oceanic Measurements “Recent” Climate Measurements Lecture Notes: Lecture 27: Climate change 1
Lecture 27 Play Video	Lecture 27: Climate Change December 4, 2009 “Recent” Climate Measurements Present State of the Climate Why is the Climate Warming? Greenhouse Earth Greenhouse Increase Paleoclimate Quantification Methods Greenhouse Gases vs. Climate CO2-enhanced greenhouse Climate Change & Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Mechanisms Other Feedback Mechanisms Paleoclimate: Oceanic Proxies H2O(18) evaporates slightly less easily than H2O(16) Recent Climate Measurements The atmospheric greenhouse Paleoclimate & greenhouse gases Putting the feedbacks & forcings together Global Warming Projections Future Projections, Uncertainties Roles of the Ocean in Future Climate Possible Consequences Effect on the ocean: sea level rise Future sea level rise Response Lecture Notes: Lecture 27: Climate change 1 and Climate change 2