Midpoints of sides may be defined in terms of reflections in points in hyperbolic geometry. Reflections are defined by 2x2 trace zero matrices associated to points. The case of a reflection in a null point is somewhat special. The crucial property of reflection is that it preserves perpendicularity, which then implies that reflections send lines to lines. Midpoints of a side bc can be constructed with a straightedge when they exist, and in general there are two of them! This is a big difference with Euclidean geometry. Bisectors of vertices are defined by duality. CONTENT SUMMARY: pg 1: @00:10 point/matrix correspondence; reflection matrix conjugation theorem; exercise 16.1 pg 2: @03:28 Definition of reflection of a general point pg 3: @07:32 another example; Null reflection theorem; proof (exercise 16-2) pg 4: @09:29 Matrix perpendicularity theorem; reflections as generators of isometries in hyperbolic geometry pg 5: @14:30 Reflection (preserves) perpendicularity theorem; remark about trace; proof pg 6: @18:11 reflection (preserves) lines theorem; proof; Line/point reflection notation pg 7: @21:24 exercise 16-3; Concept of Midpoint between 2 points pg 8: @24:26 Geometrical construction concerning midpoints pg 9: @28:59 Another geometrical construction concerning midpoints; Harmonic quadrangle and harmonic conjugates UHG2 revisited pg 10: @31:42 another midpoints construction pg 11: @33:34 Not all sides have midpoints; side/vertex midpoints/bisectors (THANKS to EmptySpaceEnterprise)

1. Introduction to Universal Hyperbolic Geometry
2. Apollonius and Polarity
3. Apollonius and Harmonic Conjugates
4. Pappus' Theorem and the Cross Ratio
5. First Steps in Hyperbolic Geometry
6. The Circle and Cartesian Coordinates
7. Duality, Quadrance and Spread in Cartesian Coordinates
8. The Circle and Projective Homogeneous Coordinates
9. The Circle and Projective Homogeneous Coordinates II
10. Computations with Homogeneous Coordinates
11. Duality and Perpendicularity
12. Existence of Orthocenters
13. Theorems using Perpendicularity
14. Null Points and Null Lines
15. Apollonius and Polarity Revisited
16. Reflections in Hyperbolic Geometry
17. Reflections and Projective Linear Algebra
18. Midpoints and Bisectors
19. Medians, Midlines, Centroids and Circumcenters
20. Parallels and the Double Triangle
21. The J function, sl(2) and the Jacobi identity
22. Pure and Applied Geometry: understanding the continuum
23. Quadrance and Spread
24. Pythagoras' Theorem in Universal Hyperbolic Geometry
25. The Triple Quad Formula in Universal Hyperbolic Geometry
26. Visualizing Quadrance with Circles
27. Geometer's Sketchpad and Circles in Universal Hyperbolic Geometry
28. Trigonometric Laws in Hyperbolic Geometry using Geometer's Sketchpad
29. The Spread Law in Universal Hyperbolic Geometry
30. The Cross Law in Universal Hyperbolic Geometry
31. Thales' Theorem, Right Triangles and Napier's Rules
32. Isosceles Triangles in Hyperbolic Geometry
33. Menelaus, Ceva and the Laws of Proportion
34. Trigonometric Dual Laws and the Parallax Formula
35. Introduction to Spherical and Elliptic Geometries
36. Introduction to Spherical and Elliptic Geometries II
37. Areas and Volumes for a Sphere
38. Classical Spherical Trigonometry
39. Perpendicularity, Polarity and Duality on a Sphere
40. Parametrizing and Projecting a Sphere
41. Rational Trigonometry: An Overview
42. Rational Trigonometry in Three Dimensions

This is a complete and relatively elementary course explaining a new, simpler and more elegant theory of non-Euclidean geometry; in particular hyperbolic geometry. It is a purely algebraic approach which avoids transcendental functions like log, sin, tanh etc, relying instead on high school algebra and quadratic equations. The theory is more general, extending beyond the null circle, and connects naturally to Einstein's special theory of relativity. This course is meant for mathematics majors, bright high school students, high school teachers, engineers, scientists, and others with an interest in mathematics and some basic algebraic skills. NJ Wildberger is also the developer of Rational Trigonometry: a new and better way of learning and using trigonometry. Look up for his course in order to familiarize with this new development. He also has recorded very organized and detailed lecture series on Algebraic Topology, History of Mathematic, Linear Algebra, and more.