Models in 3D Space (1869-1877); Optical Isomers 
Models in 3D Space (1869-1877); Optical Isomers
by Yale / J. Michael McBride
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Date Added: November 6, 2009

Lecture Description


Despite cautions from their conservative elders, young chemists like Paternó and van't Hoff began interpreting molecular graphs in terms of the arrangement of a molecule's atoms in 3-dimensional space. Benzene was one such case, but still more significant was the prediction, based on puzzling isomerism involving "optical activity," that molecules could be "chiral," that is, right- or left-handed. Louis Pasteur effected the first artificial separation of racemic acid into tartaric acid and its mirror-image.




Transcript



November 3, 2008

Course Index

  1. How Do You Know?
  2. Force Laws, Lewis Structures and Resonance
  3. Double Minima, Earnshaw's Theorem, and Plum-Puddings
  4. Coping with Smallness and Scanning Probe Microscopy
  5. X-Ray Diffraction
  6. Seeing Bonds by Electron Difference Density
  7. Quantum Mechanical Kinetic Energy
  8. One-Dimensional Wave Functions
  9. Chladni Figures and One-Electron Atoms
  10. Reality and the Orbital Approximation
  11. Orbital Correction and Plum-Pudding Molecules
  12. Overlap and Atom-Pair Bonds
  13. Overlap and Energy-Match
  14. Checking Hybridization Theory with XH3
  15. Chemical Reactivity: SOMO, HOMO, and LUMO
  16. Recognizing Functional Groups
  17. Reaction Analogies and Carbonyl Reactivity
  18. Amide, Carboxylic Acid and Alkyl Lithium
  19. Oxygen and the Chemical Revolution (Beginning to 1789)
  20. Rise of the Atomic Theory (1790-1805)
  21. Berzelius to Liebig and Wohler (1805-1832)
  22. Radical and Type Theories (1832-1850)
  23. Valence Theory and Constitutional Structure (1858)
  24. Determining Chemical Structure by Isomer Counting (1869)
  25. Models in 3D Space (1869-1877); Optical Isomers
  26. Van't Hoff's Tetrahedral Carbon and Chirality
  27. Communicating Molecular Structure in Diagrams and Words
  28. Stereochemical Nomenclature; Racemization and Resolution
  29. Preparing Single Enantiomers and the Mechanism of Optical Rotation
  30. Esomeprazole as an Example of Drug Testing and Usage
  31. Preparing Single Enantiomers and Conformational Energy
  32. Stereotopicity and Baeyer Strain Theory
  33. Conformational Energy and Molecular Mechanics
  34. Sharpless Oxidation Catalysts and the Conformation of Cycloalkanes
  35. Understanding Molecular Structure and Energy through Standard Bonds
  36. Bond Energies, the Boltzmann Factor and Entropy
  37. Potential Energy Surfaces, Transition State Theory and Reaction Mechanism

Course Description


This is the first semester in a two-semester introductory course focused on current theories of structure and mechanism in organic chemistry, their historical development, and their basis in experimental observation. The course is open to freshmen with excellent preparation in chemistry and physics, and it aims to develop both taste for original science and intellectual skills necessary for creative research.



Course Structure: This Yale College course, taught on campus three times per week for 50 minutes, was recorded for Open Yale Courses in Fall 2008.



Original Course Title: CHEM 125: Freshman Organic Chemistry

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