Lecture Description
漢 is composed of the BuShou of 水(speech) and the simplified form of 難(appears as the variant of 堇, the picture of a man who wears jade ornaments walking in mud). Jade ornaments is big and heavy, which will hinder the movement, the mud makes walking more difficult, so 堇 has the meaning of difficult. From Bronze Script(金文), we learn that both 漢 and 灘 come from the same origin. Han River(漢水), the longest tributary of Yangtze River, its upriver is HanZhong Basin, created by the deposition of sediment, its downriver has a lot of sandbanks, which is difficult for water to flow smoothly, so 堇 is used to describe it.
On the other hand, 漢 also means male, which starts from Han(漢) Dynasty. Han Dynasty is one of the strongest and most prosperous period in China, other countries are scared when they hear the name of Han's soldiers, so they call Han's soldiers "Hau Han"(good guy), and also use漢 to name the main tribe in China.
Course Index
- The Story of Chinese Character : 月
- The Story of Chinese Character : 日
- The Story of Chinese Character : 火
- The Story of Chinese Character : 水
- The Story of Chinese Character : 心
- The Story of Chinese Character : 木
- The Story of Chinese Character : 犬
- The Story of Chinese Character : 毛
- The Story of Chinese Character : 爪
- The Story of Chinese Character : 手
- The Story of Chinese Character : 天
- The Story of Chinese Character : 牛
- The Story of Chinese Character : 中
- The Story of Chinese Character : 夫
- The Story of Chinese Character :父
- The Story of Chinese Character :比
- The Story of Chinese Character : 从
- The Story of Chinese Character :牙
- The Story of Chinese Character :井
- The Story of Chinese Character :爻
- The Story of Chinese Character :曰
- The Story of Chinese Character :丰
- The Story of Chinese Character : 云
- The Story of Chinese Character : 少
- The Story of Chinese Character : 止
- The Story of Chinese Character : 人
- The Story of Chinese Character : 刀
- The Story of Chinese Character : 川
- The Story of Chinese Character : 山
- The Story of Chinese Character : 大
- The Story of Chinese Character : 小
- The Story of Chinese Character : 口
- The Story of Chinese Character : 子
- The Story of Chinese Character : 女
- The Story of Chinese Character : 土
- The Story of Chinese Character : 上
- The Story of Chinese Character : 下
- The Story of Chinese Character : 卜
- The Story of Chinese Character : 刃
- The Story of Chinese Character : 几
- The Story of Chinese Character : 弓
- The Story of Chinese Character :亡
- The Story of Chinese Character :凡
- The Story of Chinese Character :匕
- The Story of Chinese Character : 也
- The Story of Chinese Character : 夕
- The Story of Chinese Character : 工
- The Story of Chinese Character : 入
- The Story of Chinese Character : 囗
- The Story of Chinese Character : 內
- The Story of Chinese Character : 又
- The Story of Chinese Character : 氏
- The Story of Chinese Character : 勺
- The Story of Chinese Character : 王
- The Story of Chinese Character :及
- The Story of Chinese Character :乙
- The Story of Chinese Character :欠
- The Story of Chinese Character :之
- The Story of Chinese Character :斤
- The Story of Chinese Character :勾
- The Story of Chinese Character :丁
- The Story of Chinese Character :戈
- The Story of Chinese Character :丑
- The Story of Chinese Character :午
- The Story of Chinese Character :六
- The Story of Chinese Character :七
- The Story of Chinese Character :八
- The Story of Chinese Character :九
- The Story of Chinese Character :十
- The Story of Chinese Character :厶
- The Story of Chinese Character :公
- The Story of Chinese Character :友
- The Story of Chinese Character :千
- The Story of Chinese Character :寸
- The Story of Chinese Character :仁
- The Story of Chinese Character :干
- The Story of Chinese Character :分
- The Story of Chinese Character :不
- The Story of Chinese Character :攴
- The Story of Chinese Character :攵
- The Story of Chinese Character :夭
- The Story of Chinese Character : 爿
- The Story of Chinese Character : 片
- The Story of Chinese Character : 丌
- The Story of Chinese Character : 廿
- The Story of Chinese Character : 卅
- The Story of Chinese Character : 彳
- The Story of Chinese Character : 亍
- The Story of Chinese Character : 匚
- The Story of Chinese Character : 冖
- The Story of Chinese Character : 宀
- The Story of Chinese Character : 气
- The Story of Chinese Character : 乞
- The Story of Chinese Character :亼
- The Story of Chinese Character :巾
- The Story of Chinese Character :己
- The Story of Chinese Character :五
- The Story of Chinese Character : 力
- The Story of Chinese Character : 氏
- The Story of Chinese Character : 二
- The Story of Chinese Character : 三
- The Story of Chinese Character : 太
- The Story of Chinese Character : 介
- The Story of Chinese Character : 支
- The Story of Chinese Character : 乃
- The Story of Chinese Character : 引
- The Story of Chinese Character : 仍
- The Story of Chinese Character :車
- The Story of Chinese Character :束
- The Story of Chinese Character :豆
- The Story of Chinese Character :囧
- The Story of Chinese Character :冏
- The Story of Chinese Character :貝
- The Story of Chinese Character :串
- The Story of Chinese Character :身
- The Story of Chinese Character :囪
- The Story of Chinese Character :卵
- The Story of Chinese Character : 足
- The Story of Chinese Character : 走
- The Story of Chinese Character : 坐
- The Story of Chinese Character : 孝
- The Story of Chinese Character : 見
- The Story of Chinese Character : 体
- The Story of Chinese Character : 田
- The Story of Chinese Character : 金
- The Story of Chinese Character : 目
- The Story of Chinese Character : 自
- The Story of Chinese Character : 門
- The Story of Chinese Character : 明
- The Story of Chinese Character : 林
- The Story of Chinese Character : 卡
- The Story of Chinese Character : 休
- The Story of Chinese Character : 竹
- The Story of Chinese Character : 本
- The Story of Chinese Character : 羊
- The Story of Chinese Character : 衣
- The Story of Chinese Character : 隹
- The Story of Chinese Character : 災
- The Story of Chinese Character : 羽
- The Story of Chinese Character : 糸
- The Story of Chinese Character : 炎
- The Story of Chinese Character : 旦
- The Story of Chinese Character : 冊
- The Story of Chinese Character : 皿
- The Story of Chinese Character : 血
- The Story of Chinese Character :艸
- The Story of Chinese Character :虫
- The Story of Chinese Character :禾
- The Story of Chinese Character :母
- The Story of Chinese Character :東
- The Story of Chinese Character :西
- The Story of Chinese Character : 州
- The Story of Chinese Character : 昔
- The Story of Chinese Character :北
- The Story of Chinese Character :示
- The Story of Chinese Character :众
- The Story of Chinese Character :生
- The Story of Chinese Character :丼
- The Story of Chinese Character :長
- The Story of Chinese Character :舌
- The Story of Chinese Character :立
- The Story of Chinese Character : 果
- The Story of Chinese Character : 行
- The Story of Chinese Character : 昌
- The Story of Chinese Character : 白
- The Story of Chinese Character : 舟
- The Story of Chinese Character : 考
- The Story of Chinese Character : 老
- The Story of Chinese Character : 采
- The Story of Chinese Character : 好
- The Story of Chinese Character : 地
- The Story of Chinese Character : 耳
- The Story of Chinese Character : 肌
- The Story of Chinese Character : 甘
- The Story of Chinese Character : 瓜
- The Story of Chinese Character : 亦
- The Story of Chinese Character : 角
- The Story of Chinese Character : 酉
- The Story of Chinese Character : 夜
- The Story of Chinese Character : 伯
- The Story of Chinese Character : 出
- The Story of Chinese Character : 左
- The Story of Chinese Character : 右
- The Story of Chinese Character : 氐
- The Story of Chinese Character : 低
- The Story of Chinese Character : 底
- The Story of Chinese Character : 肉
- The Story of Chinese Character : 玉
- The Story of Chinese Character : 受
- The Story of Chinese Character :四
- The Story of Chinese Character :安
- The Story of Chinese Character :字
- The Story of Chinese Character :的
- The Story of Chinese Character :穴
- The Story of Chinese Character :甲
- The Story of Chinese Character :丙
- The Story of Chinese Character :次
- The Story of Chinese Character :吹
- The Story of Chinese Character :有
- The Story of Chinese Character :佐
- The Story of Chinese Character :姓
- The Story of Chinese Character :斧
- The Story of Chinese Character :析
- The Story of Chinese Character :空
- The Story of Chinese Character :我
- The Story of Chinese Character :句
- The Story of Chinese Character :同
- The Story of Chinese Character :狗
- The Story of Chinese Character :孚
- The Story of Chinese Character :尖
- The Story of Chinese Character :秉
- The Story of Chinese Character :此
- The Story of Chinese Character :朵
- The Story of Chinese Character :名
- The Story of Chinese Character :戊
- The Story of Chinese Character :牢
- The Story of Chinese Character :呂
- The Story of Chinese Character :直
- The Story of Chinese Character :甾
- The Story of Chinese Character :庚
- The Story of Chinese Character :叒
- The Story of Chinese Character :囚
- The Story of Chinese Character :私
- The Story of Chinese Character :半
- The Story of Chinese Character :伴
- The Story of Chinese Character :判
- The Story of Chinese Character :谷
- The Story of Chinese Character :或
- The Story of Chinese Character :青
- The Story of Chinese Character :扦
- The Story of Chinese Character :阡
- The Story of Chinese Character :芊
- The Story of Chinese Character :忖
- The Story of Chinese Character :伐
- The Story of Chinese Character :臼
- The Story of Chinese Character :正
- The Story of Chinese Character :丕
- The Story of Chinese Character :杯
- The Story of Chinese Character :乳
- The Story of Chinese Character :矢
- The Story of Chinese Character :米
- The Story of Chinese Character :究
- The Story of Chinese Character :臣
- The Story of Chinese Character :奀
- The Story of Chinese Character :网
- The Story of Chinese Character :扑
- The Story of Chinese Character :收
- The Story of Chinese Character :釆
- The Story of Chinese Character :征
- The Story of Chinese Character :爭
- The Story of Chinese Character :妖
- The Story of Chinese Character :沃
- The Story of Chinese Character :罔
- The Story of Chinese Character :甫
- The Story of Chinese Character :卒
- The Story of Chinese Character :幸
- The Story of Chinese Character :卷
- The Story of Chinese Character :而
- The Story of Chinese Character : 牀
- The Story of Chinese Character : 戕
- The Story of Chinese Character : 床
- The Story of Chinese Character : 困
- The Story of Chinese Character : 因
- The Story of Chinese Character : 昏
- The Story of Chinese Character : 如
- The Story of Chinese Character : 畀
- The Story of Chinese Character : 艮
- The Story of Chinese Character : 尒
- The Story of Chinese Character : 你
- The Story of Chinese Character : 匣
- The Story of Chinese Character : 狎
- The Story of Chinese Character : 押
- The Story of Chinese Character : 辵
- The Story of Chinese Character : 召
- The Story of Chinese Character : 迢
- The Story of Chinese Character : 招
- The Story of Chinese Character : 劭
- The Story of Chinese Character : 吃
- The Story of Chinese Character : 汔
- The Story of Chinese Character : 朿
- The Story of Chinese Character : 刺
- The Story of Chinese Character : 迄
- The Story of Chinese Character :仙
- The Story of Chinese Character :肴
- The Story of Chinese Character :帘
- The Story of Chinese Character :帆
- The Story of Chinese Character: 並
- The Story of Chinese Character: 言
- The Story of Chinese Character: 舌
- The Story of Chinese Character :兆
- The Story of Chinese Character :辛
- The Story of Chinese Character :合
- The Story of Chinese Character :囟
- The Story of Chinese Character : 雨
- The Story of Chinese Character :卯
- The Story of Chinese Character : 男
- The Story of Chinese Character : 劦
- The Story of Chinese Character :協
- The Story of Chinese Character :申
- The Story of Chinese Character :夜
- The Story of Chinese Character :石
- The Story of Chinese Character : 拓
- The Story of Chinese Character :并
- The Story of Chinese Character :丞
- The Story of Chinese Character : 取
- The Story of Chinese Character : 囝
- The Story of Chinese Character : 囡
- The Story of Chinese Character : 交
- The Story of Chinese Character : 妄
- The Story of Chinese Character : 盲
- The Story of Chinese Character : 宗
- The Story of Chinese Character : 忘
- The Story of Chinese Character : 抵
- The Story of Chinese Character : 聿
- The Story of Chinese Character : 承
- The Story of Chinese Character : 夯
- The Story of Chinese Character : 社
- The Story of Chinese Character : 亟
- The Story of Chinese Character : 汎
- The Story of Chinese Character : 步
- The Story of Chinese Character : 戎
- The Story of Chinese Character : 岔
- The Story of Chinese Character : 帚
- The Story of Chinese Character : 京
- The Story of Chinese Character : 炙
- The Story of Chinese Character : 吠
- The Story of Chinese Character : 夃
- The Story of Chinese Character : 奶
- The Story of Chinese Character : 礽
- The Story of Chinese Character : 卷
- The Story of Chinese Character : 扔
- The Story of Chinese Character : 冎
- The Story of Chinese Character : 肋
- The Story of Chinese Character : 馬
- The Story of Chinese Character : 森
- The Story of Chinese Character : 焚
- The Story of Chinese Character : 集
- The Story of Chinese Character : 鳥
- The Story of Chinese Character : 絲
- The Story of Chinese Character :南
- The Story of Chinese Character :面
- The Story of Chinese Character : 魚
- The Story of Chinese Character :眾
- The Story of Chinese Character :鬥
- The Story of Chinese Character :首
- The Story of Chinese Character :頁
- The Story of Chinese Character : 風
- The Story of Chinese Character : 晶
- The Story of Chinese Character : 星
- The Story of Chinese Character : 看
- The Story of Chinese Character : 彗
- The Story of Chinese Character : 臭
- The Story of Chinese Character : 秋
- The Story of Chinese Character : 甜
- The Story of Chinese Character : 雲
- The Story of Chinese Character : 趾
- The Story of Chinese Character : 唱
- The Story of Chinese Character : 娼
- The Story of Chinese Character : 倡
- The Story of Chinese Character : 紙
- The Story of Chinese Character : 授
- The Story of Chinese Character :背
- The Story of Chinese Character :黃
- The Story of Chinese Character :恥
- The Story of Chinese Character :窗
- The Story of Chinese Character :窅
- The Story of Chinese Character :盜
- The Story of Chinese Character :韋
- The Story of Chinese Character :圍
- The Story of Chinese Character :壺
- The Story of Chinese Character :洞
- The Story of Chinese Character :家
- The Story of Chinese Character :阜
- The Story of Chinese Character :兼
- The Story of Chinese Character :雀.
- The Story of Chinese Character :侶
- The Story of Chinese Character :品
- The Story of Chinese Character :羔
- The Story of Chinese Character :突
- The Story of Chinese Character :舐
- The Story of Chinese Character :猋
- The Story of Chinese Character :寅
- The Story of Chinese Character :國
- The Story of Chinese Character :域
- The Story of Chinese Character :清
- The Story of Chinese Character :晴
- The Story of Chinese Character :臿
- The Story of Chinese Character :插
- The Story of Chinese Character :美
- The Story of Chinese Character :胖
- The Story of Chinese Character :盃
- The Story of Chinese Character :胚
- The Story of Chinese Character :粉
- The Story of Chinese Character :歪
- The Story of Chinese Character :教
- The Story of Chinese Character :悳
- The Story of Chinese Character :圂
- The Story of Chinese Character :鬲
- The Story of Chinese Character :泉
- The Story of Chinese Character :皇
- The Story of Chinese Character :笑
- The Story of Chinese Character :惘
- The Story of Chinese Character :尃
- The Story of Chinese Character :萃
- The Story of Chinese Character :短
- The Story of Chinese Character :眷
- The Story of Chinese Character :髟
- The Story of Chinese Character :須
- The Story of Chinese Character :耑
- The Story of Chinese Character : 喢
- The Story of Chinese Character : 圉
- The Story of Chinese Character : 單
- The Story of Chinese Character : 耎
- The Story of Chinese Character : 喘
- The Story of Chinese Character : 湍
- The Story of Chinese Character : 軟
- The Story of Chinese Character : 姻
- The Story of Chinese Character : 恩
- The Story of Chinese Character : 婚
- The Story of Chinese Character : 覓
- The Story of Chinese Character : 焦
- The Story of Chinese Character : 革
- The Story of Chinese Character : 根
- The Story of Chinese Character : 垠
- The Story of Chinese Character : 很
- The Story of Chinese Character : 恨
- The Story of Chinese Character : 狠
- The Story of Chinese Character : 眼
- The Story of Chinese Character : 限
- The Story of Chinese Character : 隻
- The Story of Chinese Character : 柙
- The Story of Chinese Character : 萑
- The Story of Chinese Character : 閂
- The Story of Chinese Character : 莫
- The Story of Chinese Character : 紹
- The Story of Chinese Character : 昭
- The Story of Chinese Character : 是
- The Story of Chinese Character : 昰
- The Story of Chinese Character : 堤
- The Story of Chinese Character : 提
- The Story of Chinese Character : 氣
- The Story of Chinese Character : 紇
- The Story of Chinese Character : 媞
- The Story of Chinese Character : 隄
- The Story of Chinese Character : 棗
- The Story of Chinese Character : 棘
- The Story of Chinese Character : 訖
- The Story of Chinese Character : 從
- The Story of Chinese Character :俗
- The Story of Chinese Character :島
- The Story of Chinese Character :烏
- The Story of Chinese Character :食
- The Story of Chinese Character :淆
- The Story of Chinese Character :酒
- The Story of Chinese Character: 信
- The Story of Chinese Character: 音
- The Story of Chinese Character : 思
- The Story of Chinese Character : 脅
- The Story of Chinese Character :恰
- The Story of Chinese Character : 拾
- The Story of Chinese Character : 洽
- The Story of Chinese Character : 留
- The Story of Chinese Character : 盒
- The Story of Chinese Character : 紀
- The Story of Chinese Character : 脇
- The Story of Chinese Character : 訖
- The Story of Chinese Character : 紙
- The Story of Chinese Character : 記
- The Story of Chinese Character : 詔
- The Story of Chinese Character :竝
- The Story of Chinese Character : 祭
- The Story of Chinese Character : 觝
- The Story of Chinese Character : 案
- The Story of Chinese Character : 植
- The Story of Chinese Character : 按
- The Story of Chinese Character : 牴
- The Story of Chinese Character : 畫
- The Story of Chinese Character : 筆
- The Story of Chinese Character : 律
- The Story of Chinese Character : 晝
- The Story of Chinese Character : 界
- The Story of Chinese Character : 畍
- The Story of Chinese Character : 拯
- The Story of Chinese Character : 極
- The Story of Chinese Character : 娶
- The Story of Chinese Character : 則
- The Story of Chinese Character : 涉
- The Story of Chinese Character : 酣
- The Story of Chinese Character : 壴
- The Story of Chinese Character : 高
- The Story of Chinese Character : 掃
- The Story of Chinese Character : 棄
- The Story of Chinese Character : 哭
- The Story of Chinese Character : 豚
- The Story of Chinese Character : 盈
- The Story of Chinese Character : 剮
- The Story of Chinese Character : 惻
- The Story of Chinese Character : 側
- The Story of Chinese Character : 測
- The Story of Chinese Character : 烝
- The Story of Chinese Character : 蒸
- The Story of Chinese Character :齒
- The Story of Chinese Character : 嗅
- The Story of Chinese Character : 愛
- The Story of Chinese Character :璜
- The Story of Chinese Character :廣
- The Story of Chinese Character :裔
- The Story of Chinese Character :躲
- The Story of Chinese Character :羨
- The Story of Chinese Character :霍
- The Story of Chinese Character :睛
- The Story of Chinese Character :褱
- The Story of Chinese Character :歃
- The Story of Chinese Character :孵
- The Story of Chinese Character :監
- The Story of Chinese Character :學
- The Story of Chinese Character :壆
- The Story of Chinese Character :睪
- The Story of Chinese Character :睾
- The Story of Chinese Character :擇
- The Story of Chinese Character :德
- The Story of Chinese Character :網
- The Story of Chinese Character :碎
- The Story of Chinese Character :粹
- The Story of Chinese Character :維
- The Story of Chinese Character :端
- The Story of Chinese Character :需
- The Story of Chinese Character : 儒
- The Story of Chinese Character : 彈
- The Story of Chinese Character : 憚
- The Story of Chinese Character : 戰
- The Story of Chinese Character : 瑞
- The Story of Chinese Character : 煓
- The Story of Chinese Character : 輀
- The Story of Chinese Character : 輭
- The Story of Chinese Character : 綑
- The Story of Chinese Character : 鼻
- The Story of Chinese Character : 夢
- The Story of Chinese Character : 瞢
- The Story of Chinese Character : 僅
- The Story of Chinese Character : 嘆
- The Story of Chinese Character : 歎
- The Story of Chinese Character : 漢
- The Story of Chinese Character : 跟
- The Story of Chinese Character : 爾
- The Story of Chinese Character : 盟
- The Story of Chinese Character : 廉
- The Story of Chinese Character : 閘
- The Story of Chinese Character : 蒦
- The Story of Chinese Character : 煩
- The Story of Chinese Character : 盥
- The Story of Chinese Character : 墓
- The Story of Chinese Character : 摹
- The Story of Chinese Character : 摸
- The Story of Chinese Character : 暮
- The Story of Chinese Character : 模
- The Story of Chinese Character : 膜
- The Story of Chinese Character : 寞
- The Story of Chinese Character : 漠
- The Story of Chinese Character : 照
- The Story of Chinese Character : 禔
- The Story of Chinese Character : 僰
- The Story of Chinese Character : 導
- The Story of Chinese Character :慫
- The Story of Chinese Character :鳴
- The Story of Chinese Character :餚
- The Story of Chinese Character :幕
- The Story of Chinese Character :冪
- The Story of Chinese Character: 獄
- The Story of Chinese Character : 暗
- The Story of Chinese Character : 磊
- The Story of Chinese Character : 親
- The Story of Chinese Character : 話
- The Story of Chinese Character : 諟
- The Story of Chinese Character :韶
- The Story of Chinese Character : 駁
- The Story of Chinese Character : 駮
- The Story of Chinese Character : 憂
- The Story of Chinese Character :劃
- The Story of Chinese Character : 盡
- The Story of Chinese Character : 儘
- The Story of Chinese Character : 嫁
- The Story of Chinese Character : 諷
- The Story of Chinese Character : 碰
- The Story of Chinese Character : 聚
- The Story of Chinese Character : 電
- The Story of Chinese Character : 鼓
- The Story of Chinese Character : 解
- The Story of Chinese Character : 賊
- The Story of Chinese Character : 趣
- The Story of Chinese Character : 鼎
- The Story of Chinese Character : 鼐
- The Story of Chinese Character : 窩
- The Story of Chinese Character : 滑
- The Story of Chinese Character : 過
- The Story of Chinese Character :蟲
- The Story of Chinese Character : 豐
- The Story of Chinese Character :懷
- The Story of Chinese Character :壞
- The Story of Chinese Character :臨
- The Story of Chinese Character :霝
- The Story of Chinese Character :覺
- The Story of Chinese Character :釋
- The Story of Chinese Character :羅
- The Story of Chinese Character :懦
- The Story of Chinese Character :濡
- The Story of Chinese Character :糯
- The Story of Chinese Character : 顓
- The Story of Chinese Character : 懵
- The Story of Chinese Character : 難
- The Story of Chinese Character : 艱
- The Story of Chinese Character : 雙
- The Story of Chinese Character : 擭
- The Story of Chinese Character : 獲
- The Story of Chinese Character : 彌
- The Story of Chinese Character : 薾
- The Story of Chinese Character : 邇
- The Story of Chinese Character : 鮮
- The Story of Chinese Character : 題
- The Story of Chinese Character : 縱
- The Story of Chinese Character : 蹤
- The Story of Chinese Character :聳
- The Story of Chinese Character :孺
- The Story of Chinese Character : 豐
- The Story of Chinese Character : 謨
- The Story of Chinese Character : 謹
- The Story of Chinese Character : 擾
- The Story of Chinese Character : 燼
- The Story of Chinese Character : 鍘
- The Story of Chinese Character :飆
- The Story of Chinese Character :覽
- The Story of Chinese Character :鑑
- The Story of Chinese Character : 轜
- The Story of Chinese Character : 鬚
- The Story of Chinese Character : 灘
- The Story of Chinese Character : 護
- The Story of Chinese Character : 囂
- The Story of Chinese Character : 召(variant)
- The Story of Chinese Character :護
- The Story of Chinese Character : 蠱
- The Story of Chinese Character : 矗
- The Story of Chinese Character : 驟
- The Story of Chinese Character :黌
Course Description
A collection of 644 one-minute videos covering the story behind the Chinese characters (referred to as Hanzi), ranging from 1 stroke to 25 strokes.